The introduction history of Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (naked barley) into Fennoscandia

Abstract Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (naked barley) is one of the oldest and most common cereals found from Neolithic Fennoscandia. After Bronze Age, naked barley largely disappeared was replaced by (hulled other cereals. During early 19th century, Asian origins reintroduced to In this study, we have genetically characterized samples Fennoscandian landraces which were preserved in gene banks museum collections. The analyses show that can be split into three groups: First, two-row barley, with a likely origin Asia; second, six-row eastern Himalayas introduced during century; third, related original hulled barley. results suggest last group represents ancient form possibly Neolithic. At time both barleys grown enough flow probably occurred between these two subspecies create distinct, irrespective whether it or naked. This hypothesis further supported genotyping Nud gene, responsible for phenotype. All studied contained same mutation allele, nud1.a , thus showing arose crossings not new mutations